An Introduction to "Maritime Security".

About the Author

Contributors to This Edition

Contributors to the Previous Edition (on Whose Chapters This Book Is Based)

Preface

Acknowledgements

XV

XVII

XX

XII

XXV

1. Commercial Seaports and Strategic Maritime Passages in Transformation

1

Introduction

1

Commercial Seaports

2

Stakeholders At Seaports

24

Intermodalism

26

Strategic Maritime Passages in Transformation

27

Summary

32

End Notes

32

2. Modes of Maritime Transport

35

Introduction

35

Summary

57

End Notes

57

3. Documentation, financial Transactions, and Business Entities in Commercial Maritime Transportation

59

Introduction

59

Purchase of Goods

60

Filling the Order

61

Container Stuffing

61

Making a Booking

63

Documents Used to Export and Import Cargoes

68

The Next Step for the Ocean Carrier

77

Documents Specific to Import Cargo Only

79

Business Entities in Commercial Maritime Transportation

83

Summary

89

4.International and U.S. Maritime Security Regulation and Programs

91

Introduction

91

The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code

92

Amendments to Safety of Life at Sea

115

WCO’s Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade

118

U.S. Laws and Programs

119

C-PAT and foreign Customs Mutual Recognition Agreements

129

C-TPAT Benefits

130

24-Hour Advance Manifest Rule, Container Security Initiative, and the Importer Security Filling

130

Secure Freight Initiative

132

Summary

134

Suggested Additional Regulations for Review by U.S. FSOs

134

End Notes

135

5.Vulnerabilities in the Cargo Supply Chain

137

Introduction

137

Vulnerabilities and Their Potential Impact

138

Lessons Learned from the Drug War

141

Recommended Security Practices at the Production/Loading Phase

142

Recommended Security Practices at the Export Phase

147

Recommended Security Practices at Importation/Distribution Phase

150

Special Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Environment

152

Internal Conspiracies and Techniques Used to Circumvent Security

155

Container Seals

159

“Red Flags” of Possible Criminal/Terrorist Surveillance

167

Summary

168

End Notes

168

6.Perils of the Seas: Piracy, Stowaways, and Irregular Migration

169

Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships

169

Current Piracy and Armed Incidents and Their Impact

171

Tactics and Techniques in Piracy

178

The Linkages Between Piracy, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups

180

Stowaways

182

Summary

204

End Notes

204

7.Drug Smuggling via Maritime Cargo, Containers, and Vessels

207

M.A. McNicholas and G.R.

207

Illegal Drug Origins and Production

211

Maritime Smuggling Routes and Trends

211

Drug Smuggling Methods and Techniques

218

Summary

258

End Notes

258

8.Targetting and usage of Commercial Ships and Port by Terrorist and Transnational Criminal Organizations

261

Terrorist Targeting of Ships and Ports

261

Usage of Ships and Containers by Terrorist to Transport Personal and Materials

265

The Nexus Between Terror Groups and TCOs

271

Transnational Criminal Organizations and the Commercial Maritime Sector

272

Primary TCO Criminal Activities in the Commercial Maritime Environment 

275

Summary

276

End Notes

276

9.Cyber and Information Threats to Seaports and Ships R. Sen

281

Introduction

281

Why the Maritime Sector Is Particularly Vulnerable

287

Understanding Who are the Bad Guys

291

Dealing with the Threats

293

Identifying Your Organization’s Priorities

293

Implementation

300

Summary

300

Suggested Background Reading and Resources

300

End Notes

301

10.A Strategic Blueprint for World-Class Seaport Security

281

Internal Security Ring

304

Perimeter Security Ring

305

Inner Security Ring

315

Site and Asset-Specific Security Rings

316

Vessel Security Ring

317

Security Personnel Employment and Training

331

Port Security Director

340

Port Facility Security Plan

341

Summary

341

11.Threat Mitigation Strategies

343

Mitigating Pirate Attacks

345

Ship Antipiracy Security Measures for High-Risk Areas

350

Hostage Survival and Rescue

360

Cargo Container Inspection Techniques

363

Security Equipment, Systems, and Devices Used to Detect Contraband and Unauthorized Persons in a Container   

377

Summary

381

End Notes

381

12.Security Management and Leadership in Seaports M.A. McNicholas and E. Piper

383

The Port Security Director

383

The Systems Approach, ISO Certifications, Strategic Planning, and Metric Management

387

A Multiorganizational Approach Toward Port Security

391

The Importance of Comprehensive Job Description

395

Planning and Conducting Security-Related Training

398

Intelligence and Its Role in Maritime Security

403

Risk Management and Port Security

407

Contingency Planning: A Critical Part of Port Security Management

412

Getting the Maritime Community Excited About Contingency Planning: A Brief Look at an Introduction to a Contingency Planning Training Session

414

Looking for Well-Respected Sources and Standards on Contingency Planning

417

Crisis Leadership: Improving Emergency Management and Contingency Planning at Port Facilities

418

Testing Training and Planning Through Exercises and Drills

422

Port Security Training Exercise Program

423

Summary

425

End Notes

426

13. A Networked Response to Maritime Threat: Interagency Coordination B. Wilson and S.D. Genovese

427

Terminology Challenge?

428

National-Level Maritime Threat Response Frameworks

429

National-Level Whole-of-Government Maritime Threat/Event Response Frameworks Considerations

430

The U.S. Process

431

Conclusion

432

Summary

433

End Notes

435

14. Legal Authorities for Maritime Law Enforcement, Safety, and Environmental Protection R.L. Castaneda, C. Condit and B. Wilson

435

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

435

The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the 1988 Vienna Convention)

437

U.S. Coast Guard-Law Enforcement 14 U.S.C 89 (a)

437

Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (MDLEA) 46 U.S.C. 70501-7-507

438

The Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act of 2008 (DTVIA) 18 U.S.C. 2285

439

Joint Interagency Operations

441

MARPOL 73/78

441

National-Level Authorities to Protect the Maritime Environment, Punish Those Who Exploit It, and Prevent Illicit Activity

445

Living Marine Resources Enforcement

452

Thew Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens), 16 U.S.C 1801-1883

453

The Lacey Act of 1900, 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378

453

1991 UN Moratorium on High Seas Drift Net Fishing (UN General Assembly Resolution 46/215)

454

The Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks (United Nations Fish Stock Agreement or UMFSA)

454

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1973-16 U.S.C. 1377

455

The Endangered Species 1973-16 U.S.C 1531-1544

456

Illegal Immigration

456

Immigration and Nationality Act

457

Improper Entry by Alien 8 U.S.C 1325 (2010)

457

Bringing in Harboring Certain Aliens 8 U.S.C 1324

457

Reentry of Removed Aliens 8 U.S.C. 1326

458

Aiding or Assisting Certain Aliens to Enter 8 U.S.C 1327

459

Criminal Sanctions for Failure to Heave to, Obstruction of Boarding, or Providing False Information 18 U.S.C. 2237

459

Summary

459

End Notes

460

Index

465